Esters

- a carbon is attached to a double bonded oxygen and a single bonded oxygen
- ends in -oate


EX:

TO LEARN MORE ABOUT ESTERS PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW!

Nitro, Amide, & Amine

NITRO
- nitrogen has a double bond with an oxygen and a single bonded oxygen
- these are located at the end of every parent chain

AMINE- nitrogen is part of the parent chain- ends in -amine

AMIDE- oxygen and NH2 bond

- ends in -amide

Aldehydes and Caroxylic Acid

ALDEHYDES
- double bonded O => end of your chain
- simplest aldehyde is methanol
- ends in -al


EXAMPLES:

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
- formed by the functional group:

Every carboxylic acid has to have this at the end of the chain





- uses standard rules
- parent chain ends in -oic acid

EX:

Methanoic Acid

Alicylics and Aromatics

- carbon chains can form 2 types of closed loops
- Alicylics are loops usually made with single bonds
- if parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply
- with one addition: "cyclo" is added in front of the parent chain

3 different ways to draw organic compounds: 


1. Complete Structural Diagram

2. Condensed Structural Diagram

3. Line Diagram

- numbering can go anywhere starting clockwise or counterclockwise on the loop

but the side chains must be the lowest number 

BENZENE

=

Alcohols, Halides, Ketone and Ethers

ALCOHOLS

- contains the functional group OH (hydroxol) 

one OH: Ends in -ol

two OH: Ends in -diol

three OH: Ends in -triol

EX:

Methanol

Methandiol

Methantriol

HALIDES:

- it only includes group 17 from the periodic table

endings: O 

Fluorine: Fluoro 

Chlorine: Chloro 

Bromine: Bromo 

Iodine: Iodo 

EX:

This is known as 2-fluoro pentane 

KETONE:

- double bonded oxygen

- ending: -anone

- double bond cannot be on either ends on the parent chain

EX:

Butanone 

ETHERS:

- only contains oxygen

- always between two carbons

- the only one that is not in alphabetical order -- it is in numerical order

- ends in ether 

EX:

Dimethyl ether

Alkenes and Alkynes (double & triple bonds)

• carbon can form double and triple bonds with carbon atoms
• naming rule  --the position of the double/triple bonds always have the lowest number and is out in front of the parent chain
• double bonds (alkenes) end in -ene
• triple bonds (alkynes) end in -yne

FOR EXAMPLE

These are double bonds aka alkenes. 

This is a triple bond aka an alkyne. 

This triple bond is called heptyne because there are 7 carbons and a triple bond within the bond.

Multiple Double Bonds

• more than one double bond can exist in a molecule
• you can use the same multipliers inside the parent chain

Organic CHemistry -- Nomenclature

- organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds(carbon forms multiple covalent bonds)

- carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches- simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen

- saturated compounds have no double or  triple bonds
- compounds with only a single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane

Nomenclature

There are 3 types of Organic compounds:

1. straight chains
2. cyclic chains
3. aromatics

Straight chain rules

1. Circle the largest continuous chain and name them as the base chain (ex. meth, eth, prop)
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number (if there is more than one identical side chain numbers, labels are slightly different)
5. List side chains alphabetically

IF YOU STILL DONT UNDERSTAND YOU CAN WATCH THIS VIDEO PROVIDED.